YDS READING PASSAGES / TEST 2

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1. 1 -From the details about fifth disease given in the passage, it is clear that ........... .
2. 2 -6. THE DIARIES OF SAMUEL PEPYS Historians owe most of their knowledge of the London of the 1660s to Samuel Pepys, England's greatest diarist. He began his diary in 1660, the year that Puritan rule ended and the period called the Restoration began. After the sobriety, of the Puritan years, Londoners now took great pleasure in attending the reopened theatres, where they enjoyed the comedies of John Dryden and other Restoration dramatists. Pepys enjoyed London life to the full, and he wrote down practically everything he thought, felt, saw or heard. He described the city's churches, theaters and taverns, its streets and homes, and even the clothes that he and his wife wore. Many momentous, happenings took place during the years covered in Pepys's diary. He remained in London during the Great Plague of 1664-65, and he also saw the Great Fire of 1666. He numbered among his friends many of the wellknown people of the time, including the scientist Isaac Newton, the architect Christopher Wren and the poet John Dryden. Owing to failing eyesight, Pepys regretfully closed his diary in 1669. Pepys wrote his diary in Thomas Shelton's system of shorthand, but he complicated the more confidential passages by using foreign languages and a cipher of his own invention. Upon his death, along with other books and papers, the diary went to his old college at Cambridge. It was not deciphered until 1822. In addition to its historical significance, the diary holds a high place in literature. The style is vigorous, racy and colloquial. Because he intended it to be read only by himself, Pepys was completely honest. An incomplete edition appeared in 1825, and the entire diary, except for a few passages deliberately omitted by the editors, was available by 1899. An edition completed in 1983 includes the entire work. Pepys's diary, according to the passage, ..........
3. 3 Anne Mansfield Sullivan is described in the passage as Helen's teacher and ...... .
4. 4 -13. GULLIVER’S TRAVELS When "Gulliver's Travels" was published in 1726, the author’s name did not appear on the book. The title page read, "Travels into several remote Nations of the World, by Lemuel Gulliver ... " Many people accepted this as fact. Travel books of the time told many tales that were no more strange than the imaginary adventures of Gulliver. One sea captain even claim that he knew captain Gulliver well. Other readers condemned the book as full of exaggerations. Although it became one of the most famous books for children, it was not written for children. It was savage satire aimed at the human race. The tiny Lilliputians are vain malicious and bloodthirsty. The king and the court of Lilliput parody of the English king and court. The giants of Brobdingnag are amiable but commonplace and sensitive. Laputa is full of the foolish philosophers and scientists whom Swift despised. The Houyhnhnms are horses who use degraded men. Yahoos, as men use horses elsewhere. Looking at mankind through the eyes of horses. Swift sees people as vicious, greedy and ignorant. From its first appearance, "Gulliver's Travels" delighted its readers instead of shocking them. In spite of his bitterness, Swift took a dry delight in making his narrative sound real even when it was fantastic. Children could enjoy the marvellous adventures of a traveler among pygmies and giants, on a flying island, and in a country where horses talk. Thus, "Gulliver's Travels" soon became a children's classic. It is clear from the passage that when "Gulliver's Travels" was first published, ......... .
5. 5 -12. PAUL SERENO One fossil discovery after another gave University of Chicago professor Paul Sereno a reputation for having extraordinary luck. Sereno's "luck" was due in part to his willingness to go wherever the bones might be, however difficult and remote the site. His discoveries helped him piece together the family tree of dinosaurs. Sereno's discoveries began during graduate school. In 1984, as the first American graduate student of paleontology to study in China, he identified two new dinosaur species among the bones in Chinese fossil archives. When Chinese authorities rejected his application to dig in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, he took his request to a local official in Mongolia. Sereno explained in French that he wanted to hunt for the bones of big animals. The confused official admitted him under provisions for big-game hunters but offered little hope of finding much game in the desert. Sereno used his findings in China and Mongolia to make a family tree of the ornithischian, or bird-hipped, dinosaurs, one of the two main orders of dinosaurs. He based his work on careful comparison of details of various skeletons. The discovery that made Sereno famous came in 1988, the year after he completed his doctorate and joined the faculty at the University of Chicago. In a dry, dusty Argentina valley among sediments 225 million years old; he found the skull and a nearly complete skeleton of a Herrerasaurus, which, at the time, was the oldest dinosaur ever discovered. Less than a mile away three years later, Sereno found the complete skeleton of a 228-million-year-old dinosaur, which he named Eoraptor. Only six feet long, with sharp teeth and long claws, this earliest known dinosaur looked like a miniature version of Tyrannosaurus rex. It confirmed that dinosaurs began as small, meat-eating animals that walked and ran on their hind legs. Sereno was the first person to conduct extensive searches for dinosaur fossils in Africa. Governmental red tape and conditions in the Sahara desert made his expeditions to Niger in-1993 and Morocco in 1995 two of his most-gruelling, but also most rewarding. According to the author, Sereno's "luck" was actually a result of his ............. .
6. 6 -20. MALPRACTICE In law, malpractice refers to misconduct or negligence by a professional person, such as a physician, lawyer or accountant. Such misconduct includes failure to exercise the level of skill and learning expected of a licensed professional. The result of malpractice to the client or patient is injury, damage or some loss owing to professional incompetence. The official criteria for a valid medical malpractice claim are duty, breach, damages and causation. The practitioner must have had a relationship to the patient, which indicates that he or she had a duty to exercise ordinary .care; must have breached — failed to measure up — to that duty, according to the applicable standard of care; and because of that breach must have caused the patient physical and monetary damages. If there is evidence of malpractice, a client may sue in a civil action, seeking damages in the form of money. Those most likely to be sued are surgeons, since malpractice is much easier to prove when a surgical operation has been done. If, for example, a surgeon leaves a foreign object inside a closed wound, the surgeon is clearly liable for the carelessness. Plastic surgeons are most at risk, since their operations are done to improve the patient's appearance. Dissatisfied patients may sue. Medical malpractice actions do three things: provide quality control for the medical profession; provide some measure of compensation for the harm done; and give emotional vindication to the plaintiff, which is a measure of his or her ability to make a complaint and receive a satisfactory response. Of these, quality control is probably best achieved. According to the passage, of all the professionals, those most frequently charged with malpractice are ........ .

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